Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten
Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement
Matter:
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.
Classification of Matter
Mixtures and Compounds
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties:
Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance.
Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
Chemical Properties:
Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.
Properties of Matter
Intensive Properties:
Independent of the amount of the substance that is present.
Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties:
Dependent upon the amount of the substance present.
Mass, volume, energy, etc.
Changes of Matter
Physical Changes:
Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
Chemical Changes:
Changes that result in new substances.
Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new
substances.
Compounds
Compounds can be broken down into more elemental particles
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation:
Separates homogeneous mixture on the basis of differences in boiling point.
Filtration:
Separates solid substances from liquids and solutions
Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.
Units of Measurement
SI Units
Systme International d'Units
Uses a different base unit for each quantity
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being
measured.
The most commonly used metric units for volume are the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).
A liter is a cube 1 dm long on each side.
A milliliter is a cube 1 cm long on each side.
Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy.
Temperature:
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample
In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.
The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.
0C is the freezing point of water.
100C is the boiling point of water.
The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
It is based on the properties of gases.
There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
K = C + 273.15
The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.
F = 9/5(C) + 32
C = 5/9(F - 32)
Physical property of a substance
Density = mass/ volume
Uncertainty in Measurement
The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured.
When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.
All nonzero digits are significant.
Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant.
Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant.
Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the
number.
When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least
significant decimal place.
When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number
of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the
numbers used in the calculation.
Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity.
Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.
Math Boxes Objectives To introduce My Reference Book; and to introduce the t Math Boxes routine. www.everydaymathonline.com ePresentations eToolkit Algorithms EM Facts Family Assessment Common Curriculum Interactive Practice Workshop Letters Management Core State Focal Points Teacher's GameTM Standards Lesson Guide Teaching the Lesson Ongoing Learning …
US-China Education Review B 4 (2011) 579-585 Earlier title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613 A Study of the Relationship Between Students' Anxiety and Test Performance on State-Mandated Assessments Rosalinda Hernandez, Velma Menchaca, Jeffery Huerta University of Texas Pan American, Edinburg, USA This study examined whether …
HIGH-EFFICIENCY UPFLOW FURNACE INSTALLER'S INFORMATION MANUAL D ES IG N CE R TI F I ED ATTENTION, INSTALLER! After installing the ATTENTION, USER! Your furnace installer should furnace, show the user how to turn off gas and electricity to give you the documents listed on …
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 12 1. A true-breeding plant is one that-- a. produces offspring that are different from the parent b. forms hybrid offspring through cross-pollination c. produces offspring that are always the same as the parent d. can only reproduce with itself The …
Math Skills for Business- Full Chapters 1 U1-Full Chapter- Algebra Chapter3 Introduction to Algebra 3.1 What is Algebra? Algebra is generalized arithmetic operations that use letters of the alphabet to represent known or unknown quantities. We can use y to represent a company's profit or …
